IN GERMANY

Coffee was introduced to Germany in 1675. The first coffeehouses opened in 1679–1680 in Hamburg, Bremen and Hanover.

At first, coffee was considered a beverage of the nobility. The middle and lower classes were not introduced to coffee until the early 18th century, and it was only much later that it came to be prepared and consumed at home.

As coffeehouses were the domain of men, middle class women established their own “coffee clubs”.